As noted in the Introduction, because we are describing a com­plete model of the uni­verse that includes novel com­po­nents that each need to be explained, and, as with any com­plete cos­mo­log­ical scenario, involves many stages and transitions, even a broad overview like the one in this sec­tion can seem complicated. It’s a sum­mary in a nutshell, but for a very big nut!

— Nissan Itzhaki, Uri Peleg, and Paul J. Steinhardt, Instant Folded Strings, Dark Energy and a Cyclic Bouncing Universe, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, 2025 (via)