But the digital world has been different. In fact, this may be the biggest but least recognised shock delivered by the internet. The flexibility of computers, the connectivity of networks, and the end-to-end principle of internet architecture that means new services can be invented by users rather than by infrastructure operators have together made it incredibly easy to create novel types of services that precisely offer “shared means to many ends.” And many of these services have become critical infrastructure over a highly compressed timeline.

— Robin Berjon, The Infrastructure Shock, 2024